Telephone, Internet, and TV service are now routinely bundled by service
providers. It is convenient to have a single supplier and one bill a
month. With the availability of VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), the
lines between the different services have blurred further.
Broadband
Internet service (High Speed) for residential or small business
requirements has usually been available from two sources: DSL, a system
that piggybacked on the telephone wiring from the telephone company, or
Cable, a system that similarly piggybacked on the cable TV wiring. In
2008, about 25 million customers utilized cable broadband, and about 22
million customers utilized DSL. In 2001, a total of about 5 million
customers used either cable broadband or DSL.
For most people the
TV coaxial cable has offered better performance than DSL, but if you
were highly price conscious, then the DSL cable may have been
competitive. So, in a discussion of broadband choices, we should include
cable and DSL, but we will also discuss new options that are now
available like WildBlue satellite, and services that will soon be
available like WiMax (WiFi with a city-wide hot-spot) and ViaSat
(satellite communications on steroids).
The Impact of Video Downloads (especially HDTV):
Despite
the relatively small number of users, research indicates that systems
such as BitTorrent and YouTube account for more than half of all
Internet traffic. In 1995 the total amount of data transacted over the
Internet backbone was about 1.5 million GB. By 2006, this had grown to
over 700 million GB.
ABI Research projects that the number of
video downloads to increase from 215 million downloads this year (2008)
to 2.4 billion downloads in 2012. This number becomes more impressive
when one takes into account that a much higher per cent of those
downloads in 2012 will be HDTV files, which are much larger (A non HDTV
movie is approximately 3 GB/Hour, HDTV file size is dependent on
encoding: an MPEG-4 encoded HDTV movie file size is approximately 5
GB/Hour, an unencoded 1280 X 720 movie file size is over 150 GB/Hour,
and an unencoded 1920 X 1080 movie file size is over 350 GB/Hour).
By 2010, forecasts call for 80-90% of Internet traffic to be video transfer.
Cable and the Phone Companies (DSL):
Cable
broadband is capable of about 30 MBPS of bandwidth, however, speed can
vary. Unfortunately, the measurement in real-world conditions can be
more complicated. If many people in your neighborhood use the same
broadband service as you, and those people use a lot of bandwidth, for
video downloads for example, then you will be sharing some resources,
and your performance will suffer. Most service providers offer service
with between 3-6 MBPS bandwidth for downloads. Upload bandwidth is
lower: usually between 200-600 KBPS.
Median DSL speed in the U.S.
is 768 KBPS. One type of DSL technology, VDSL, is capable of 30 MBPS
bandwidth, but this service is not widely available. Instead, telephone
companies more commonly offer ADSL or SDSL services (cheaper and
slower).
Both Cable Broadband and DSL service providers commonly
employ bandwidth caps for residential and small business customers.
Service providers concerned about the overall capability of their
network may institute the capacity constraints so that they can provide
equal performance to all of their customers.
Cable and the Phone Companies HDTV:
Verizon
is building fiber-optic networks that will be capable of broadcasting
handle 200+ HDTV channels in addition to all of the conventional TV
channels.
Most cable operators have enough available bandwidth
for only about 10-12 HDTV channels without a major retooling of their
networks.
WiMax and LTE:
In major metropolitan areas in
the U.S., WiMax should available late in 2008. Sprint will make its
commercial WiMAX debut in Baltimore in September. WiMax supports peak
data speeds of about 20 MBPS, but, as with most broadband technologies,
that bandwidth will be shared amongst users. On average, a user will see
data rates between 1 MBPS and 4 MBPS.
Most major wireless
carriers are skipping WiMax, planning instead to build out networks
using a similar technology called Long Term Evolution (LTE), a successor
to current cellular technology. WiMax has a head start on LTE, which
won't be ready until 2010. These two technologies are referred to as 4G
networks (Current state of the art mobile phone technology for accessing
the Internet is called 3G). If mobile broadband service is important to
you, these products will be very attractive. Unlike rivals GSM and
CDMA, both 4G networks are based on "Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing" (OFDM), also sometimes referred to as "discrete multi-tone
modulation". Since both LTE and WiMax are based on similar technology, a
unified standard is possible in theory, and discussions are ongoing.
Motorola has said 85% of the technology and work for WiMax equipment
will be reused in its designs for LTE equipment.
WiMAX and LTE
can deliver large amounts of bandwidth operating at the low power levels
necessary for mobile devices. Another advantage of WiMax/LTE is its
ability to communicate out of line-of-sight (unlike conventional WiFi),
and to communicate into large buildings, in theory making dropped calls,
typical of today's cell phones, a thing of the past. A company called
MobiTV will utilize the WiMAX network for the broadcast of TV, including
HDTV. VoIP (telephone service) has already been deployed on WiMAX
networks in other parts of the world.
Satellite Broadband:
Also
newly introduced into the Broadband market, is WildBlue Satellite. This
broadband service does not require a phone or cable line. WildBlue
Satellite broadband service offers download/upload speeds starting at
just $50 per month (512 kbps download speed with upload speed up to 128
kbps), or $80 per month (1.5 Mbps download speed and uploads up to 256
kbps). For those living in areas not well served by Cable Broadband and
DSL, this is an attractive alternative. iNetVu offers a portable system
for vehicles.
A very powerful new satellite, Viasat-1, will
launch in 2011. This satellite will greatly improve the competitiveness
of satellite in this field. ViaSat-1 has a total throughput capability
of over 100 Gb/second, which is more capacity than the current American
fleet of two-way C, Ka, and Ku band satellites combined. In 2010, a
similar service will be launed in Europe by Ka-Sat.
Both WildBlue
and ViaSat terminals use a networking technology that uses satellite
bandwidth more efficiently, called DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service
Interface Specifications), lowering the cost of Internet service to
consumers. The terminals include satellite modems and Ka band
transceivers. DOCSIS has the ability to address "rain fade", a reduction
in signal that is caused by heavy cloud cover, like during a
thunderstorm. DOCSIS automatically responds to a reduced signal caused
by atmospheric conditions with variable power control and data encoding
techniques.
ViaSat-1 will offer more than a 10X increase in the
capacity with frequency reuse by utilizing a technique called
"SpotBeams" (WildBlue also uses SpotBeams). The high throughout of
ViaSat-1 makes it ideal for transmitting new video applications
requiring ultra high bit rates such as HDTV, HD digital cinema, and 3D
TV. Spotbeams can be compared to a searchlight. SpotBeams focus a signal
on an area 100 to 200 miles across. Thge same frequencies can be be
reused many time, but for a different focus area.
WildBlue and
ViaSat are geosynchronous satellites. A geosynchronous satellite remains
above the same spot on the earth by orbiting at approximately 36,000
kilometers above the equator. Your signal must do a round-trip, and the
minimum time for such a trip is about 1/4 second.
Satellite HDTV:
While
HDTV local channels are more available on cable than satellite, DirecTV
and the Dish Network each offer more national HDTV channels. DirecTV
offers about 60 national HDTV channels and the Dish Network has about 50
HDTV channels. DirecTV and EchoStar plan additional satellites to offer
at least 150 national HD channels, as well as local stations in HDTV.
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